Documento técnico de referencia para consulta, selección normativa y preparación de especificaciones de muestreo. Antes de uso contractual, confirmar edición vigente con el organismo emisor o el cliente final.
Mapa de aplicación por material
| Material | Core standards | Sample type | Recommended technical use |
| Iron ore | ISO 3082, 3085, 3086, 3087; ASTM E877 | Bulk ore, concentrates, pellets, sinter feed | Sampler design/audit, moisture, precision and bias verification. |
| Copper, zinc, lead and silver concentrates | ISO 12743, 11794, 11790, 12744, 13292, 13543 | Dry concentrate, wet concentrate, slurry and commercial lots | Sales, dispatch, moisture control and metallurgical accounting. |
| Gold and silver ore | TOS, ASTM E105/E122, NI 43-101, CIM, S-K 1300 | High-nugget-effect ore, drill core, channel samples, belts, stockpiles | Define minimum mass, top size, QA/QC, duplicates, blanks, CRMs and sample security. |
| Coal | ISO 13909, ISO 18283, ASTM D7430, D2234, D2013 | Thermal coal, metallurgical coal and coke | Mechanical/manual sampling, gross sample collection, preparation, precision and bias. |
| Lithium | ISO/TC 333, ISO 11648, TOS, validated hydrogeochemical protocols | Hard rock, spodumene concentrate, brine, solution | Separate particulate-solid protocols from brine protocols; validate through QA/QC. |
| Tin | TOS, ISO 11648, ASTM E105/E122; ISO 3713 for ferroalloys | Cassiterite, concentrates, alloys | Sampling of dense, segregation-prone minerals; control splitting, division and top size. |
| Cement, clinker and limestone | EN 196-7, ASTM C183, ASTM C50, local NTP/NBR/NCh standards | Cement, clinker, limestone, gypsum, pozzolans, corrective materials | Lot control, receiving inspection, sample preparation and moisture protection. |
| Aggregates | ASTM D75, C702, AASHTO R90, NTP 400.010, NCh164, NBR NM26, IRAM 1509, NTC129, NMX-C-030 | Sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, manufactured aggregates | Field sampling, sample reduction and test control in quarries and construction sites. |
1. Normas internacionales y referencias normativas técnicas
Incluye normas específicas de muestreo, preparación, verificación de precisión/sesgo y normas complementarias para lote comercial, cemento, caliza y áridos.
| Scope | Standard / document | Material / mineral | Sample type | Relevant information | Reference website |
| International / ISO | ISO 3082:2017 | Iron ore | Bulk ore; conveyor belts; lots; shipments | Sampling and sample-preparation procedures; a core reference for the design, installation and operation of sampling systems. | https://iso.org/standard/66457.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 3085:2019 | Iron ore | Statistical verification | Experimental methods for verifying the precision of sampling, sample preparation and measurement. | https://iso.org/standard/72160.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 3086:2006 | Iron ore | Bias testing | Methods for checking sampling bias using a stopped-belt reference method. | https://iso.org/standard/34679.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 3087:2020 | Iron ore | Lot moisture | Determination of the moisture content of an iron-ore lot, applicable to natural and processed ores. | https://iso.org/standard/72159.html |
| International / ASTM | ASTM E877 | Iron ore and related materials | Bulk ore; falling stream; stopped belt | Practice for sampling and sample preparation for chemical analysis and physical testing. | https://astm.org/e0877-08.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 12743:2021 | Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni concentrates; also useful as a reference for polymetallic concentrates | Moving streams; stationary lots; stopped belt | Basic methods for obtaining samples for chemical analysis, physical testing and moisture determination. | https://iso.org/standard/81126.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 11794:2017 | Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni concentrates in slurry form | Slurries in moving, non-pressurized streams | Basic methods for sampling particulate material mixed with liquid; a key reference for mineral slurries. | https://iso.org/standard/71139.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 11790:2017 | Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni concentrates | Mechanical-sampler audit | Guidance for inspecting mechanical sampling systems, including precision, quality variation, bias and inspection procedures. | https://iso.org/standard/71138.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 12744:2025 | Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni concentrates | Sampling precision | Experimental methods for checking sampling precision in concentrates; useful for automatic-sampler audits. | https://iso.org/committee/54074.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 13292:2006 | Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni concentrates | Sampling bias | Experimental methods for checking sampling bias in base-metal concentrates. | https://iso.org/committee/54074.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 13543:2016 | Sulfide concentrates of Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni | Commercial lot | Determination of contained metal mass in a lot; useful for commercial reconciliation and shipments. | https://iso.org/committee/54074.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 12742:2020 | Sulfide concentrates of Cu, Pb and Zn | Transportable moisture / TML | Flow-table method for transportable moisture limits; relevant for seaborne concentrate shipments. | https://iso.org/committee/54074.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 11648-1:2003 | Bulk materials | Statistical treatment | General principles for applying and statistically treating bulk-material sampling, including precision and bias. | https://iso.org/standard/33484.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 11648-2:2001 | Particulate bulk materials | Minerals, concentrates, coal, powders and granular materials | Basic methods for sampling particulate bulk materials from moving streams and stationary situations. | https://iso.org/standard/23663.html |
| International / ASTM | ASTM E105-21 | General materials | Probability sampling plan | Guide to principles for establishing probability-based sampling plans for materials. | https://astm.org/e0105-21.html |
| International / ASTM | ASTM E122-17(2022) | General materials | Sample size | Practice for calculating the required sample size to estimate a quality characteristic with specified precision. | https://astm.org/e0122-17r22.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 13909, Parts 1-8 | Hard coal and coke | Mechanical sampling | Series for mechanical sampling of coal and coke: moving streams, stationary lots, preparation, precision and bias. | https://iso.org/standard/63909.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 18283:2022 | Hard coal and coke | Manual sampling | Terms, principles, schemes, equipment, handling, preparation and reporting for manual sampling. | https://iso.org/standard/77219.html |
| International / ASTM | ASTM D7430/D7430M-22 | Coal | Mechanical sampling | Practice for obtaining representative samples of coal through mechanical sampling systems. | https://astm.org/d7430_d7430m-22.html |
| International / ASTM | ASTM D2234/D2234M-20 | Coal | Gross sample | Procedures for collecting a gross coal sample under different sampling conditions. | https://astm.org/d2234_d2234m-20.html |
| International / ASTM | ASTM D2013/D2013M-21 | Coal | Sample preparation | Reduction and division of gross or divided coal samples to the size and mass required for analysis. | https://astm.org/d2013_d2013m-21.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 8685:1992 | Aluminium ores / bauxite | Stream and lot sampling | Requirements for sampling from moving streams and stationary situations, including stopped-belt sampling. | https://iso.org/standard/16085.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 6140:1991 | Aluminium ores / bauxite | Sample preparation | Treatment of gross samples and subsamples for moisture, chemical analysis and physical testing. | https://iso.org/standard/12369.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 4296-1:1984 | Manganese ores | Increment sampling | Manual and mechanical methods for determining chemical composition and moisture of consignments. | https://iso.org/standard/10142.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 4296-2:1983 | Manganese ores | Sample preparation | Preparation of samples to determine chemical composition and moisture of a consignment. | https://iso.org/standard/10143.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 3713:1987 | Ferroalloys; reference for Fe, Sn and alloys | Sampling and preparation | General rules for manual and mechanical sampling of ferroalloys in bulk, packages and stockpiles. | https://iso.org/standard/9190.html |
| International / ISO | ISO 14284:2022 | Iron and steel | Sampling for chemical composition | Methods for sampling and preparing samples of pig iron, cast iron and steel for chemical composition. | https://iso.org/obp/ui/ |
| International / ISO | ISO/TC 333 Lithium | Lithium, brines, concentrates and lithium compounds | Standardization program under development | ISO committee covering lithium mining, concentration, extraction and conversion; verify current standards and projects before contractual use. | https://iso.org/committee/8031128.html |
| International / EN | EN 196-7 | Cement | Sampling and preparation of cement samples | Methods for taking and preparing cement samples; European reference used for control and receiving inspection. | https://dinmedia.de/en/standard/din-en-196-7/104220673 |
| International / ASTM | ASTM C183/C183M | Hydraulic cement | Sampling and inspection | Procedures for sampling and the amount of testing of hydraulic cement available for sale. | https://astm.org/standards/c183 |
| International / ASTM | ASTM C311/C311M | Fly ash and pozzolans | Sampling and testing | Procedures for sampling and testing fly ash and natural or calcined pozzolans for concrete. | https://astm.org/c0311_c0311m-22.html |
| International / ASTM | ASTM C50/C50M | Lime and limestone | Sampling, preparation, packaging and marking | Procedures for collecting and reducing lime and limestone samples used in physical and chemical testing. | https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/astm/ee3df585-6235-4b34-bbca-9a1f3dd5ae86/astm-c50-c50m-13-2019 |
| International / ASTM | ASTM D75/D75M | Aggregates | Sampling of fine and coarse aggregates | Practice for sampling aggregates for preliminary investigation, source control, job-site control and acceptance/rejection. | https://astm.org/d0075_d0075m-19.html |
| International / ASTM | ASTM C702/C702M | Aggregates | Sample reduction | Three methods for reducing large aggregate samples to test size while minimizing variation. | https://astm.org/c0702_c0702m-24.html |
| International / ASTM | ASTM C172/C172M | Fresh concrete | Concrete sampling | Procedures for obtaining representative samples of fresh concrete from production or transport containers. | https://astm.org/Standards/C172.htm |
| International / AASHTO | AASHTO R 90 | Aggregates | Sampling aggregate products | Procedure for obtaining representative samples of coarse, fine or combined aggregates. | https://transportation.org / https://store.transportation.org |
| Australia / Standards Australia | AS 4433.1-1997 | Particulate materials / minerals | Sampling procedures | Australian guide for sampling particulate materials from moving streams and stationary situations, including stopped-belt sampling. | https://standards.org.au / https://store.standards.org.au |
| Australia / Standards Australia | AS 4433.2-1997 | Particulate materials / minerals | Sample preparation | Guide for post-sampling preparation, reduction and subsample treatment. | https://standards.org.au/standards-catalogue |
| Australia / Standards Australia | AS 4433.3-2002 | Particulate materials / minerals | Precision estimation | Methods for checking and adjusting precision in sampling, sample preparation and measurement. | https://intertekinform.com / https://standards.org.au |
| Australia / Standards Australia | AS 4433.4-2001 | Particulate materials / minerals | Bias checking | Methods for testing bias in mechanical sampling systems and preparation stages. | https://standards.org.au / AS 4433.4 |
| Australia / Standards Australia | AS 4433.5-2005 | Slurries | Slurry sampling | Guide for sampling particulate material mixed with liquid; relevant to mineral slurries in concentrator plants. | https://intertekinform.com / as-4433-5 |
| Australia / Standards Australia | AS 4433.6-2000 | Mechanical sampling systems | Sampler inspection | Recommended practices for inspecting mechanical sampling systems, including precision, variability, bias and inspection. | https://store.standards.org.au/product/as-4433-6-2000 |
| Australia / Standards Australia | AS 4264, coal and coke series | Coal and coke | Sampling, preparation and testing | Australian family of standards used for coal and coke; verify the current edition with Standards Australia. | https://standards.org.au |
| Australia / JORC | JORC Code 2012 | Exploration, resources and reserves | Public reporting and sampling-criteria table | Australian code requiring disclosure of sampling techniques, subsampling, preparation, QA/QC, data quality and verification. | https://jorc.org/docs/JORC_code_2012.pdf |
| Australia / AMIRA | AMIRA P754 Code of Practice for Metal Accounting | Metal accounting, balances and governance | Good-practice code for metal accounting; linked to measurement, sampling, reconciliation, transparency, auditability and data custody. | amira.global / AusIMM / metallurgicalsystems.com/amira-p754 |
2. Normas y procedimientos locales por país
Las normas locales pueden adoptar ISO/ASTM/EN o tener versiones propias. Verificar siempre la edición vigente en INACAL, INN, ABNT, IRAM, ICONTEC, ASTM/AASHTO, CSA o la plataforma oficial mexicana.
| Country | Standard / entity | Sector | Sample type / procedure | Relevant information | Website / where to verify |
| Peru | INACAL – NTP Catalogue | Standards body | Peruvian technical standards | Official source for checking the current edition and purchase/consultation of NTP standards for cement, aggregates and concrete. | https://inacal.gob.pe/cid/categoria/normas-tecnicas-peruanas |
| Peru | NTP 334.007:2024 | Cement | Sampling and inspection of hydraulic cement | Current Peruvian standard announced by INACAL; applicable to cement receiving, inspection and control. | https://gob.pe/institucion/inacal/noticias/1081847 |
| Peru | NTP 334.127:2024 | Cement / coal fly ash / natural pozzolan | Sampling and testing | Peruvian standard for coal fly ash or natural pozzolan for use in concrete, including sampling and testing methods. | https://gob.pe/institucion/inacal/noticias/1081847 |
| Peru | NTP 400.010 | Aggregates | Extraction and preparation of samples | Peruvian reference for obtaining representative samples of fine and coarse aggregates; verify current edition with INACAL. | https://inacal.gob.pe/cid/categoria/normas-tecnicas-peruanas |
| Peru | NTP 339.036 | Fresh concrete | Sampling fresh concrete mixtures | Peruvian practice for taking fresh-concrete samples; useful for cement and concrete laboratories. | https://inacal.gob.pe/cid/categoria/normas-tecnicas-peruanas |
| Peru | MTC Materials Testing Manual | Aggregates, soils, mixtures and road works | Sampling and material-testing procedures | National field and laboratory procedure manual for construction and road materials. | https://transparencia.mtc.gob.pe/idm_docs/normas_legales/1_0_3729.pdf |
| Peru | MINEM / INGEMMET | Metallic and non-metallic mining | Guides, cadastre and technical documentation | Useful sources for projects, titleholders, geology and local technical criteria; they do not replace sampling standards. | https://gob.pe/minem / https://ingemmet.gob.pe |
| Chile | INN – Chilean Standards Catalogue | Standards body | NCh standards for cement, aggregates, concrete and mining | Official source for verifying validity, edition and purchase of applicable Chilean standards. | https://inn.cl |
| Chile | NCh162 | Cement | Sample extraction | Chilean standard for cement sampling; verify current edition with INN. | https://inn.cl / https://catalogo.minvu.cl |
| Chile | NCh164:2009 | Aggregates for mortars and concrete | Sample extraction and preparation | Chilean procedure for sampling and preparing aggregate samples; listed as current in technical references. | https://aice.cl/web/listado-normas-nacionales/ |
| Chile | NCh163 | Aggregates for mortars and concrete | Requirements and testing frequency | Requirements standard that refers to NCh164 for sample extraction and preparation. | https://inn.cl / https://minvu.cl |
| Chile | MOP Highway Manual | Aggregates, cement, concrete and materials | Testing methods and material control | Public reference used in road works; useful for aggregates and cement laboratories. | https://mop.gob.cl / https://vialidad.mop.gob.cl |
| Chile | CODELCO CNAM-001 | Molybdenite concentrates | Sampling and sample preparation | CODELCO corporate standard for molybdenite concentrates; confirm the current edition and availability with the client. | CODELCO Standards Committee / public sources |
| Chile | CODELCO CNAM-002 | Blister copper | Sampling and preparation for process control | CODELCO corporate standard for blister copper in process control; verify contractual validity. | CODELCO Standards Committee / public sources |
| Chile | CODELCO CNAM-003 | Copper anodes | Sampling and sample preparation | CODELCO corporate standard applicable to copper anodes; relevant to metallurgical control and receiving/dispatch. | CODELCO Standards Committee / public sources |
| Chile | CODELCO CNAM-004 | Blister copper | Sampling and sample preparation | CODELCO corporate standard for blister-copper sampling and preparation; confirm version with the quality area. | CODELCO Standards Committee / public sources |
| Chile | CODELCO CNAM-005 | Anode slimes | Sampling and sample preparation | CODELCO corporate standard for anode slimes; relevant because of valuable metals and high heterogeneity. | CODELCO Standards Committee / public sources |
| Chile | CODELCO CNAM-006 | Copper concentrate | Sampling and sample preparation | CODELCO corporate standard for copper concentrate; used as a reference in contracts, laboratories and audits. | CODELCO Standards Committee / public sources |
| Chile | CODELCO CNAM-007 | Automatic sampling in copper mining | Conditions for sampling stations, material flows and product transfer | Practical reference for copper plants covering design, installation and operation criteria for automatic samplers, including cutters, flow, slurry and transfer conditions. | CODELCO Corporate Quality Committee / public sources |
| Chile | CODELCO CNAM-012 | Laboratory and subsampling | Laboratory subsampling operations | Corporate standard for reducing subsamples without introducing bias; critical for secondary preparation and QA/QC. | CODELCO Corporate Quality Committee / public sources |
| Chile | CODELCO CNAM-013 | Preparation and chemical analysis | Quality assurance in sample preparation for chemical analysis | Reference for controlling preparation, grinding, pulverizing, duplicates and analytical data quality. | CODELCO Corporate Quality Committee / public sources |
| Chile | CODELCO CNAM-014 | Conveyor-belt weighing | Weighing and mass-control systems | Corporate standard related to belt scales and mass measurement, essential for reconciliation and metal accounting. | CODELCO Corporate Quality Committee / public sources |
| Chile | CODELCO CNAM-016 | Projects and metrology | Metrological background information for projects | Reference for defining metrology requirements in new projects, engineering and sampling/measurement-system specifications. | CODELCO Corporate Quality Committee / public sources |
| Brazil | ABNT – Catalogue | Standards body | NBR / NBR ISO | Official source for checking current Brazilian standards for sampling, cement, aggregates and minerals. | https://abntcatalogo.com.br |
| Brazil | ABNT NBR NM 26 | Aggregates | Sampling | Procedures for sampling aggregates, from extraction and reduction through storage and transportation. | https://normas.com.br / ABNT |
| Brazil | ABNT NBR NM 27 | Aggregates | Field-sample reduction | Conditions for reducing aggregate samples collected in the field to laboratory test samples. | https://normas.com.br/visualizar/abnt-nbr-nm/21304 |
| Brazil | ABNT NBR 5741 | Portland cement | Collection and preparation of samples | Procedures for collecting and preparing cement samples for laboratory tests during consumer inspection. | https://normas.com.br/visualizar/abnt-nbr-nm/2321 |
| Brazil | DNER-PRO 377/97 / DNIT | Cement | Extraction and preparation of samples | Brazilian procedure for cement sample extraction and preparation and acceptance/rejection criteria. | gov.br/dnit/…/dner_pro_377_97.pdf |
| Brazil | ABNT NBR ISO 3082 / 3085 / 3086 / 3087 | Iron ore | Sampling, precision, bias and moisture | Brazilian adoptions of ISO standards for iron ore; verify current edition with ABNT. | https://abntcatalogo.com.br |
| Argentina | IRAM – Catalogue / ICPA | Cement and materials standards body | IRAM standards for aggregates, concrete and cement | Source for confirming validity and acquisition of applicable IRAM standards. | https://iram.org.ar / https://icpa.org.ar/normas-y-reglamentos |
| Argentina | IRAM 1509 | Aggregates for concrete | Sampling | Argentine standard for taking representative aggregate samples for concrete and mortar. | https://icpa.org.ar/normas-y-reglamentos |
| Argentina | IRAM 1541 | Fresh concrete | Sampling | Fresh-concrete sampling reference for laboratory testing and quality control. | https://icpa.org.ar/normas-y-reglamentos |
| Argentina | IRAM 1505 / supplementary standards | Aggregates | Sieve analysis and related tests | Complements sampling with particle-size and aggregate-quality control tests. | https://icpa.org.ar/normas-y-reglamentos |
| Argentina | SEGEMAR / National Secretariat of Mining | Metallic and non-metallic mining | Guides, maps and project portfolio | Technical and official sources for geological and mining information; they do not replace sampling protocols. | https://segemar.gob.ar / https://argentina.gob.ar/economia/mineria |
| Colombia | ICONTEC – NTC Catalogue | Standards body | Colombian technical standards | Official source for checking current NTC standards for cement, aggregates and concrete. | https://icontec.org |
| Colombia | NTC 129 | Aggregates | Practice for aggregate sampling | Colombian standard equivalent to ASTM D75 for aggregate sampling; verify current edition with ICONTEC. | https://icontec.org / technical references |
| Colombia | NTC 454 | Fresh concrete | Sampling fresh concrete | Procedure for obtaining representative fresh-concrete samples from mixers, trucks or other equipment. | https://icontec.org / technical references |
| Colombia | INV E-201-13 | Road aggregates | Aggregate sampling | INVÍAS standard for sampling coarse and fine aggregates from sources, plants, job sites and for acceptance/rejection. | labicivil.com/Media/pdfs/INV E-201-13…pdf |
| Colombia | INV E-202-13 | Aggregates | Sample reduction | Complementary procedure for reducing aggregate samples to testing size. | https://invias.gov.co / test manual |
| Colombia | ANM / SGC / UPME | Metallic mining, coal and non-metallic mining | Production, cadastre, geology and planning | Mining information sources; for contractual sampling they should be complemented with ISO/ASTM and auditable internal protocols. | https://anm.gov.co / https://sgc.gov.co / https://upme.gov.co |
| United States | ASTM International | U.S.-based international standards | Cement, aggregates, coal, limestone, iron ore and statistics | Main source for ASTM C183, D75, C702, D7430, D2234, D2013, E877, E105, E122 and related standards. | https://astm.org |
| United States | AASHTO | Aggregates and road materials | R90, T2, T248 and material procedures | State and transportation references for aggregate sampling and reduction. | https://transportation.org |
| United States | SEC Regulation S-K 1300 | Mining technical reports | Sampling, preparation, analysis and security | Disclosure framework for U.S.-listed mining companies; requires technical support, QP sign-off and verifiable data. | https://ecfr.gov/current/title-17/chapter-II/part-229/subpart-229.1300 |
| United States | USGS / NMIC | Metallic, non-metallic and critical minerals | Data and technical publications | Data and publication source; it does not replace sampling standards but supports benchmarking of production and reserves. | https://usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center |
| Canada | CSA Group | Cement, concrete and aggregates | CSA A23.1/A23.2 and CSA A3000 | Canadian standards for concrete, aggregates and cementitious materials; verify the specific sampling method in CSA. | https://csagroup.org/store |
| Canada | CSA A3000:23 | Cementitious materials | Compendium of cementitious materials | Includes cementitious materials for concrete and related methods/practices; Canadian reference for cement and SCMs. | https://csagroup.org/store/product/2430659 |
| Canada | CSA A23.1/A23.2 | Concrete and aggregates | Materials and test methods | Canadian series for concrete and aggregates; used with aggregate and concrete sampling practices. | https://csagroup.org/store |
| Canada | NI 43-101 / Form 43-101F1 | Mining projects and technical reports | Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security | Item 11 requires describing sample preparation, QA/QC, splitting/reduction and security measures. | https://osc.ca / https://bcsc.bc.ca |
| Canada | CIM Best Practice Guidelines | Exploration, resources, reserves and processing | Sampling, QA/QC, security and data verification | Best-practice guidelines for exploration and estimation programs; relevant to gold, silver, copper, lithium, zinc and other commodities. | https://mrmr.cim.org |
| Mexico | Ministry of Economy – Standardization | Mexican NMX standards | Official standards search | Official source for checking current NMX standards for construction, aggregates and cement. | https://platiica.economia.gob.mx/normalizacion |
| Mexico | NMX-C-030-ONNCCE-2004 | Aggregates | Sampling | Current Mexican standard for aggregate sampling; ratified according to the ONNCCE catalogue. | https://platiica.economia.gob.mx/normalizacion/nmx-c-030-onncce-2004 |
| Mexico | ONNCCE – NMX-C Catalogue | Cement, concrete and aggregates | NMX standards catalogue | Source for Mexican standards on aggregates, cement, concrete and testing; verify edition and ratification status. | https://onncce.org.mx |
| Mexico | SGM – Mexican Geological Survey | Metallic and non-metallic mining | Maps, prospects and studies | Geological and inventory source that complements sampling protocols for mining projects. | https://sgm.gob.mx |
| Mexico | CAMIMEX / AIMMGM | Formal mining, geology, metallurgy | Reports, courses and technical network | Industry and technical sources; they do not replace sampling standards but support training and benchmarking. | https://camimex.org.mx / https://aimmgm.org.mx |
3. Procedimientos técnicos recomendados para especificaciones de muestreo
Estos procedimientos no sustituyen una norma contractual; sirven para estructurar bases técnicas, alcances EPC/EPCM, auditorías y requerimientos de equipos de muestreo automático.
| Aplicación | Standards / technical basis | Minerals / materials | System type | Key technical criterion | Recommended use |
| Bulk ore on a conveyor belt | ISO 3082 / ISO 12743 / ASTM E877 / ISO 11648 | Iron, copper, zinc, lead, silver, gold, tin and non-metallic minerals | Full-stream cross-cut sampler; stopped-belt alternative | Each increment must intercept the full cross-section of the stream, with cutter geometry, speed and aperture adequate to avoid delimitation and extraction bias. | Design/audit of primary and secondary samplers. |
| Concentrates in shipment or dispatch | ISO 12743 / ISO 11790 / ISO 12744 / ISO 13292 | Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni concentrates; reference for Au/Ag in polymetallic concentrates | Mechanical or controlled sampling on belts, towers, lots and dispatch points | The scheme should combine increment selection, preparation, moisture determination, precision evaluation and bias testing. | Commercial settlement, lot liquidation and audits. |
| Mineral slurries in plant operations | ISO 11794 / TOS / internal procedures | Cu, Zn, Pb, Ag, Au, Sn, Fe, lithium and non-metallic slurries | Sampling from moving, non-pressurized streams; avoid segregated stationary slurries | Samples should be taken where the stream is well mixed and representative; consider solids content, density, particle size and hydraulic regime. | Metallurgical balance, process control and reconciliation. |
| Pressurized-pipeline slurries | TOS + validated internal procedure | Abrasive slurries and concentrates | In-line sampler with equiprobability criteria | Define installation point, upstream mixing, velocity, flushing, safety, cut frequency and bias verification. | Use where ISO 11794 does not cover pressurized conditions. |
| Stockpiles, bins and trucks | ISO 11648 / ASTM D75 / ISO 13909 / internal procedures | ROM ore, concentrate, coal, limestone and aggregates | Stratified or systematic sampling with limitations | Sampling stationary lots carries a high segregation risk; it should be used only where the moving stream cannot be sampled. | Receiving, operational control and spot verification. |
| Coal | ISO 13909 / ISO 18283 / ASTM D7430 / D2234 / D2013 | Thermal coal, metallurgical coal and coke | Mechanical, manual and sample-preparation systems | Combine standards for gross-sample collection, preparation, reduction, moisture, precision and bias. | Ports, dispatch, power plants and laboratories. |
| Hard-rock lithium | ISO/TC 333 + ISO 11648 + TOS | Spodumene, pegmatites and lithium concentrates | Ore and concentrate sampling | Where a mature universal sampling standard is not available for each product, specify a protocol based on TOS, ISO 11648 and QA/QC. | Exploration, pilot plants, concentrators and dispatch. |
| Lithium brines | Validated hydrogeochemical procedure + QA/QC | Salars, brines and solutions | Liquid sampling with preservation and chain of custody | Define depth, well, purging, filtration, preservation, duplicates, blanks and accredited laboratory; do not treat brine as a particulate solid. | Exploration and brine-control programs. |
| Heterogeneous gold and silver ore | TOS / ASTM E105 / E122 / NI 43-101 / CIM | Au, Ag and nugget-effect ores | Increments, minimum mass, crushing, splitting and assaying | The nugget effect requires robust protocols for mass, top size, duplicates, blanks, CRMs and preparation control. | Exploration, grade control and commercial evaluation. |
| Cement and clinker | EN 196-7 / ASTM C183 / NTP 334.007 / NBR 5741 | Hydraulic cement, clinker and cement raw materials | Sample taking, preparation, packaging and reporting | Ensure composite sampling, protection from moisture/contamination and lot traceability. | Receiving, product quality and plant audits. |
| Limestone, lime and corrective materials | ASTM C50/C50M + local standards | Limestone, lime, gypsum, pozzolan, clay and additives | Sampling and reduction for chemical/physical testing | Define lot, increments, reduction, moisture protection and segregation control; important for kiln and cement control. | Cement plants, quarries and laboratories. |
| Aggregates | ASTM D75 / ASTM C702 / NTP 400.010 / NCh164 / NBR NM 26 / IRAM 1509 / NTC129 / NMX-C-030 | Sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag and manufactured aggregates | Field sampling and reduction to test sample | Representativeness depends on taking increments at the source, plant, stockpile, truck or job site and reducing without losing fines. | Quarries, cement, concrete and construction works. |
4. Libros y referencias técnicas sobre muestreo de minerales
Referencias recomendadas para sustentar criterios de representatividad, teoría de muestreo, QA/QC, control de sesgo, preparación de muestras y auditoría técnica.
| Title | Author / entity | Topic | Relevant information | Reference website |
| Sampling of Particulate Materials: Theory and Practice | Pierre M. Gy | Theory and practice of particulate-material sampling | Conceptual foundation for minerals, concentrates, cement and granular materials; develops sampling errors and representativeness. | https://shop.elsevier.com/books/sampling-of-particulate-materials-theory-and-practice/gy/978-0-444-41609-4 |
| Sampling for Analytical Purposes | Pierre M. Gy | Representative sampling for analysis | Practical guide to Gy’s theory for obtaining samples that properly represent the population. | https://wiley.com/en-gb/Sampling+for+Analytical+Purposes-p-9780471979562 |
| Pierre Gy’s Sampling Theory and Sampling Practice | Francis F. Pitard | Sampling theory applied to minerals | Classic reference for heterogeneity, correct sampling, FSE/GSE/DE/EE errors and statistical control. | https://books.google.com / CRC Press |
| Theory of Sampling and Sampling Practice, Third Edition | Francis F. Pitard | Sampling theory and industrial practice | Comprehensive update of TOS for particulate materials, minerals and industrial applications. | https://routledge.com/Theory-of-Sampling-and-Sampling-Practice-Third-Edition/Pitard/p/book/9781138476486 |
| Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Sampling | Kim H. Esbensen | Modern introduction to TOS | Introduces the principles and unit operations of correct sampling in a practical, didactic format. | https://six-publishing.com/product/introduction-to-the-theory-and-practice-of-sampling |
| CIM Mineral Exploration Best Practice Guidelines | CIM | Exploration, QA/QC and sample security | Guidance for exploration programs, sample preparation, analysis, security and QA/QC under the Canadian framework. | https://mrmr.cim.org/media/1163/cim-mineral-exploration-best-practice-guidelines-2018.pdf |
| CIM Estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Best Practice Guidelines | CIM | Resource/reserve estimation | Includes best practices for data quality and verification linked to sampling and QA/QC. | https://mrmr.cim.org |
| NI 43-101 Form 43-101F1 Technical Report | Canadian Securities Administrators | Mining technical reports | Item 11 requires disclosure of sample preparation, analytical methods, QA/QC and sample security. | https://bcsc.bc.ca / https://osc.ca |
| Regulation S-K 1300 | U.S. SEC | U.S. mining disclosure | Framework for technical reporting of mineral resources and reserves; requires data support, a qualified person and technical disclosure. | https://ecfr.gov/current/title-17/chapter-II/part-229/subpart-229.1300 |
| The Simple Facts about Sampling Gold Ores | G. J. Lyman | Gold sampling | Technical reference on nugget effect, variance and mass control in gold ores. | https://progradex.com / Lyman_23_v2-The-Simple-Facts-about-Sampling-Gold-Ores.pdf |
| Sampling of Gold Ores for Commercial Purposes | Geoff Lyman | Commercial gold sampling | Practical article on gold sampling for valuation, payment, royalties and processing. | https://spectroscopyeurope.com/sampling/sampling-gold-ores-commercial-purposes |
| Wills’ Mineral Processing Technology | Barry A. Wills; James Finch | Mineral processing | Core mineral-processing text covering sampling concepts, metallurgical balance and plant control. | https://sciencedirect.com/book/9780080970530/wills-mineral-processing-technology |
| SME Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Handbook | SME / Robert Dunne, S. Komar Kawatra, Courtney Young | Mineral processing and extractive metallurgy | Reference handbook for processing engineering, sampling, metallurgical testing and plant design. | https://smenet.org / Springer |
| Mineral Processing Plant Design, Practice, and Control | Andrew L. Mular, Doug N. Halbe, Derek J. Barratt (eds.) | Plant design and control | Reference for plant design, testing, sampling, control and commissioning. | https://smenet.org |
| The Theory and Practice of Sampling | International Pierre Gy Sampling Association / TOS Forum | TOS publications | Resources, articles and technical discussions on sampling theory and industrial applications. | https://intsamp.org |
| AMIRA P754 Code of Practice for Metal Accounting | AMIRA International / mining industry | Metal accounting and reconciliation | Good-practice code for measurement, sampling, metallurgical balances, reconciliation, transparency, audits and data governance. | AusIMM / SAIMM / https://metallurgicalsystems.com/amira-p754 |
| Applying the AMIRA P754 Code of Practice for Metal Accounting | Gaylard, Morrison, Randolph, Wortley and Beck | Industrial application of the AMIRA code | Technical paper explaining P754 objectives: improved credibility, auditability, transparency and reconciliation from mine to saleable product. | https://ausimm.com / https://saimm.co.za |
| JORC Code 2012 | Joint Ore Reserves Committee | Reporting of exploration results, resources and reserves | Includes disclosure criteria for sampling techniques, subsampling, preparation, assay quality and data verification. | https://jorc.org |
| Materials Testing Manual | Ministry of Transport and Communications of Peru | Aggregates, soils and materials | Peruvian local manual for laboratory and field procedures for construction materials. | https://transparencia.mtc.gob.pe/idm_docs/normas_legales/1_0_3729.pdf |
Nota final: Para proyectos de muestreo industrial, las normas deben complementarse con planos de ingeniería, criterios de apertura del cortador, velocidad, frecuencia de cortes, trazabilidad de muestras, pruebas de precisión/sesgo y un plan de QA/QC aprobado por el cliente o auditor.